To produce high-quality cement, the mineralogical and chemical composition of raw materials, as well as of intermediate and finished products, needs to be determined. At each stage of the production ...

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Prepare samples by coating, drying, etching, milling, polishing, and sectioning. The Leica CPD 030 Critical Point Dryer is a critical point drying device for biological and industrial samples. It uses ...

The Izod impact test fixes one end of a notched specimen in a cantilever position by means of a vice. A striker on the arm of a pendulum or similar energy carrier then strikes the specimen. The energy ...

In the single-beam FIB, such as our Hitachi FB-2000A FIB, some milling will occur during observation of the specimen. Surface features, such as thin films, can be milled away during this process. In ...

Fluorescence Microscopy allows specimens to be studied with high sensitivity and specificity through the use of light. It works on the principle that energy emitted by certain types of materials can ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a very popular analysis tool for 3D surface topology visualization and other measurements on a wide range of materials at nanoscales ...

As a surface-sensitive technique, the diffraction signal comes from the top few nanometers of the crystal lattice in EBSD. Hence, the top layer needs to be devoid of oxidation, contamination and ...