Scattering parameters (S-parameters), which describe the fundamental characteristics of RF networks, come in many flavors, including small signal, large signal, pulsed, cold, and mixed mode. They ...

A scattering matrix (or S parameter matrix) can be used to describe coupler performance with any passive termination. The S parameters within the matrix are measured using terminations which are equal ...

There are many different analytical methods that can be classed under the topic of light scattering and there are a variety of parameters that can be measured. Further to this, some systems offer more ...

RF engineers use vector-network analyzers (VNAs) to characterize components such as connectors, cables, filters, amplifiers, PCB traces. VNAs have also become important tools for signal integrity ...

Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (SiGe HBTs) have emerged as a cornerstone in high-frequency electronics owing to their enhanced carrier mobility and reduced noise. The integration ...